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Proven system sizing for MPPT

Proven system sizing for MPPT based solar systems

There is a plethora of PV system sizing tools in the market. However, none of these tools are specifically designed to cater to the various needs of a system sizing for off-grid PV systems such as functioning of the system at very high temperatures, hybrid energy sources, maximum power extraction, optimal functioning of battery system and the ability to choose the optimal tilt angle for the solar array at the various locations around the world. All of these constraints are required to be met while working off-grid.

TSS product manager ir. Shruti Sriram was responsible for the collaboration between TU Delft University and TSS. She successfully concluded the project for developing a new system sizing tool to meet the above mentioned needs.

The new proven system sizing for MPPT based solar systems is based on theoretical modelling and field measurement results.

The MPPT based system sizing is validated by the TU Delft University and has been implemented by TSS for the design of MPPT based off-grid solar systems and hybrid systems.

Workshop Session with Future Energy Leaders

Workshop Session with Future Energy Leaders

On the 17th of May, 2019, TSS organised an interactive workshop as a part of the 4th International YES-Europe Annual Energy Conference which took place at TU Delft, Netherlands this year.

The YES-Europe network is a unique organization that brings together a community of nearly 1,000 young professionals and students in energy across Europe. This community envisions a world that works together to achieve sustainable, accessible, and secure energy.

One of the most exciting aspects of bringing together energy students and young professionals is the opportunity to meet in-person and get to know each other’s perspectives, stories, dreams and goals.

Events are a great way for making connections, hence TSS wished to grab this opportunity to interact with the energy enthusiasts across Europe by organizing a one-of-its kind workshop.

Workshop Session with Future Energy Leaders

The Energy Workshop

The theme for this year’s annual conference was about Energy Transition to meet the goals of Paris agreement. Hence, TSS, being an OFF-Grid PV system designer, contributing towards the energy transition from Diesel Generator Systems to Renewable energy solutions, seemed to be a natural choice to take part in this Annual Conference.

 

As a part of the workshop, the 25 participating students were divided into groups of 5 and challenged to design their own renewable system based on the specified data. Different tools for generation of energy and storage of energy could be selected and combined It was a thought-provoking workshop, which made the participants to think beyond the textbooks and venture into actual energy market.

 

The icing on the cake was the mind –boggling discussion which followed between the students and the representatives from TSS who organized the workshop.

By the end of the workshop, the students had experienced a steep learning curve which made them realise the hurdles and challenges that they needed to face in order to work towards energy transition.

TSS was able to intervene immediately after a short circuit alarm

TSS was able to intervene immediately after a short circuit alarm

Shortened emergency response times and optimised use of hybrid solar systems with Cloud Notify

TSS has extensive, global experience designing and delivering reliable and high performance autonomous solar power solutions. These systems are usually situated in remote locations with limited access, which makes it difficult to monitor and resolve any problems.

Sébastien Robert, project and innovation engineer at TSS, tells us more about how they have optimised their systems with the help of Cloud Notify and Cloud Logging.

"When a short circuit occurred, we immediately received an alarm"

GASCO project TSS

Challenge

SS initially started looking for a remote access solution. TSS wanted to gain more insight into their systems, which are often situated at remote and hard to reach locations. “We want to learn how exactly our systems behave, to find out if and how we can improve them in the future,” Sébastien explains. The gathering of machine data plays an enormous role in TSS’s drive to continuously improve and optimise their products.
TSS came across IXON during the Industrial Ethernet Event. The focus quickly shifted from remote access to data logging. Sébastien explains: “With Cloud Logging we can gather data. We don’t share all data with the customer as some information is only important for us.” TSS gathers machine data which allows them to monitor and analyse their systems. However, it did not help TSS quickly respond to failures and ad-hoc problems.

Solution

In December 2018, TSS received IXON’s Christmas promotion which offered one free Cloud Notify license to test the new IXON Cloud feature. “We didn’t use Cloud Notify prior to this, but saw it as a great opportunity to get started,” says Sébastien. “We’re very happy with our decision so far.”

With the help of IXON’s support page, it was easy to set up alarms. TSS now receives notifications about various important events of their solar power systems.

 

An example of such a notification? During the day, the energy from the sunlight is stored in batteries that supply the systems with energy at night. TSS has built in all kinds of safeguards which are monitored by alarms. “These are alarms regarding, among others, the voltage of the battery,” Sébastien explains. “A battery consumes 20% of its energy per day and should be able to provide energy for five nights if the battery doesn’t get recharged during the day. As soon as too much energy is consumed, we receive a notification.” 

"As soon as too much energy is consumed, we receive a notification"

Sébastien Robert, Project Engineer TSS

After receiving such notifications, TSS examines the problem with the gathered machine data using Cloud Logging and solves any issues. With the help of Cloud Notify, TSS also monitors the systems’ efficiency. The maintenance of solar panels is crucial in order to guarantee efficiency. “Over time, these panels get dirty, which negatively affects its efficiency,” says Sébastien. “We have now set an alarm which notifies us that the solar panels have to be cleaned when they have reached low efficiency.” If a customer doesn’t respond it will eventually lead to lower battery capacity.

Results

Customers are now given targeted advice to make optimum use of their solar power systems.

The customer eventually wants a reliable system. As a result, operational costs can be reduced considerably. “Therefore, it is crucial that alarms are prevented,” Sébastien observes. Cloud Notify has already yielded its first results.

In Oman, TSS has a hybrid solar power system which is supported by diesel generators. A short circuit occurred due to a faulty connection after some maintenance activities were performed. “We immediately received an alarm,” Sébastien says. Later they received another valuable notification from the same system. “The generator kept malfunctioning and wouldn’t turn on anymore. TSS immediately received a notification about this via Cloud Notify. From the logged data we could trace what went wrong and were able to replace the defect part in time,” Sébastien describes. In cooperation with the supplier, and with the help of Cloud Logging data, TSS managed to localise the problem and resolve it.

TSS has drawn up a clear multi-year plan in which IXON plays a major role. “We want to be more competitive in our market and offer cheaper systems that function optimally,” says Sébastien. “However, to be able to determine how we can develop them better we’ll need data that’s in our operating systems. We believe that’s the future, but the customer first has to be convinced that it’s the right direction too.”

Benefits the IXON Cloud offers TSS:

  • The experience of TSS’s management team and field technicians
  • How passive cooled solar can reduce both capex and opex
  • Options for tailoring a solar solution to your needs
  • How the in-house TSS charge controller keeps their system reliable
  • How the TCO of solar systems changes as power demand increases
Oil Gas Platform

TSS4U solar solutions growth plans within reach with Aletra Capital Partners on board

TSS4U solar solutions growth plans are within reach with Aletra Capital Partners on board

Eindhoven, April 2019

Today TSS4U (TSS) announced that Aletra Capital Partners (Aletra) became its new majority shareholder. TSS designs and supplies solar and solar-hybrid off-grid solutions for mission-critical applications including oil and gas platforms, telecom cell towers, water treatment plants and industrial microgrids. Aletra provides the additional capital and financial security to the company that allows TSS to accelerate their growth plans in geographical markets and market segments. Aletra is based in Laren, The Netherlands and has a subsidiary in Singapore to cover the Asian market. TSS is based in Eindhoven, The Netherlands and has subsidiaries in Abu Dhabi and Kuala Lumpur to cover the Middle East, African and Asian markets.

TSS Managing Director Dop Brzesowsky on the new majority shareholder Aletra Capital Partners:

“With the growth plans we have today, Aletra is a perfect match, firstly to meet our financial needs and secondly to apply their knowledge of the telecom sector and of the Asia region. Hence we are now better positioned to realize our global ambitions.”

Aletra Capital Partners Managing Director Geert Postma on TSS:

“TSS is the premier international solar and solar-hybrid off-grid solutions provider. We are very happy to team up with TSS to enhance growth. The management of TSS will work hard to grow the company in oil and gas applications in current geographical markets, but also in new countries and in other segments. We will enthusiastically support that effort.

About TSS4U

TSS4U (TSS) is a Solar Solutions System Integrator active in the Oil & Gas market and the Telecom market. It was founded in 2003 as a spin off from Shell Solar. TSS is headquartered in The Netherlands with local offices in the U.A.E. and Malaysia. TSS also works with a global network of experienced local partners. At current TSS has commissioned over 1,100 solar systems across Africa, Southeast Asia, the Middle East and Africa ranging from remote safe area solar systems in the dessert to explosion proof off-shore solar systems.

About Aletra Capital Partners

Aletra Capital Partners B.V. (Aletra) is an investment company based in Laren and Singapore which invests the money of its partners. It currently has 13 companies in its portfolio. Aletra is a hands-on investor who supports the management of its portfolio companies in realizing their full potential.

Groeiplannen TSS4U Solar Solutions binnen handbereik met Aletra Capital Partners aan boord

Groeiplannen TSS4U Solar Solutions binnen handbereik met Aletra Capital Partners aan boord

Eindhoven, april 2019

TSS4U (TSS) heeft vandaag aangekondigd dat Aletra Capital Partners (Aletra) de nieuwe meerderheidsaandeelhouder is geworden. TSS ontwerpt en levert zonne-energie systemen en hybrid off-grid oplossingen voor olie- en gas-platformen, telecom- en waterzuiveringsinstallaties en industriële microgrids. Aletra biedt extra kapitaal en financiële zekerheid aan het bedrijf, waarmee TSS de groeiplannen in geografische markten en nieuwe marktsegmenten versneld kan realiseren. Aletra is gevestigd in Laren (NH) en heeft een nevenvestiging in Singapore voor de Aziatische markt. TSS is gevestigd in Eindhoven en heeft dochterondernemingen in Abu Dhabi en Kuala Lumpur en covert daarmee het Midden-Oosten, de Afrikaanse en Aziatische markten.

TSS Managing Director Dop Brzesowsky over de nieuwe meerderheidsaandeelhouder Aletra Capital Partners:

“Met de groeiplannen die wij hebben is Aletra de perfecte match. Ten eerste omdat zij onze financiële behoefte invullen en ten tweede vanwege het kunnen toepassen van hun kennis van de telecomsector in de Aziatische regio. Wij zijn nu beter uitgerust om onze mondiale ambities te realiseren.”

Aletra Capital Partners Managing Director Geert Postma over TSS:

“TSS is de pionier van de internationale zonne-energie systemen en hybrid off-grid oplossingen. We zijn erg blij om samen te werken met het bedrijf. De directie van TSS zal zich volledig inzetten voor de groei van de onderneming in de olie- en gas industrie in de huidige geografische markten, maar ook in nieuwe landen en segmenten. Wij staan daar volledig en enthousiast achter.”

Over TSS4U

TSS4U (TSS) biedt zonne-energie oplossingen en implementeert systemen in de olie en gas industriën en de telecommarkt. Het bedrijf is in 2003 opgericht als een spin-off van Shell Solar. TSS is gevestigd in Nederland met plaatselijke kantoren in de U.A.E. en Maleisië. TSS werkt ook met een wereldwijd netwerk van ervaren lokale partners. TSS heeft meer dan 1.100 zonne-energie systemen ontworpen en geplaatst in Afrika, Zuidoost-Azië en het Midden-Oosten, variërend van veilige omgevingszonne-energie systemen in de woestijn tot ‘explosion-proof’ offshore zonne-energie systemen.

Over Aletra Capital Partners

Aletra Capital Partners B.V. (Aletra) is een investeringsmaatschappij gevestigd in Laren en Singapore die het geld van haar partners investeert. Momenteel heeft het bedrijf 13 bedrijven in het portfolio. Aletra is een hands-on investeerder die het beheer van de bedrijven ondersteunt bij het realiseren van hun volledige potentieel.

Reliable solar solutions tailored to each client’s needs

Reliable solar solutions tailored to each client’s needs

TSS have installed over 1,100 sites and have 15 years’ experience in low-maintenance solar solutions
TSS are specialised off-grid system integrators, specialising in solar and hybrid systems. They work especially on critical applications, like telecoms networks, which sit off-grid but need reliable uptime. TowerXchange took some time to interview TSS’s Sales & Marketing Manager for Telecom Erik Blokhuis to find out more about how solar systems are offering improved capex and opex compared with diesel-led solutions.

Read this article to learn:

  • The experience of TSS’s management team and field technicians
  • How passive cooled solar can reduce both capex and opex
  • Options for tailoring a solar solution to your needs
  • How the in-house TSS charge controller keeps their system reliable
  • How the TCO of solar systems changes as power demand increases

TowerXchange: Please introduce your company – where do you fit in the telecoms infrastructure ecosystem?

Erik Blokhuis, Sales & Marketing Manager Telecom, TSS:

“We were founded in 2003 by ex-Shell Solar engineers, people who had been working in solar since the early 90’s. So the calibre of expertise here has been high from the very beginning. We don’t just focus on the solar panels alone but are pushing the envelope technically, rather in the commercial applications of solar technology as a primary energy source. We create highly reliable solar and hybrid systems, take full system responsibility in delivering a functional and reliable solar system in a project, from design, engineering delivery and commissioning. All in collaboration with our client, and always tailored to the site’s requirements.”

TowerXchange: Please tell us about the performance of your solution in the field – who is using it and what results have been achieved? What is your installed base at cell sites worldwide?

Erik Blokhuis, Sales & Marketing Manager Telecom, TSS:

“Over the last 15 years we have installed over 1,100 sites across Africa, Southeast Asia, the Middle East and Europe. Most of the work we do is to provide reliable power for remote telecoms units. And to be clear, we’re a solar energy driven company, we believe in renewable energy technology and its benefits and it is at the core of what we do. Lots of the time these have been within the oil and gas sector where reliability is paramount for mission critical and remote applications.”

“We want to minimise points of failure and guarantee the uptime our clients expect. We ensure long battery lives and minimum service intervals by doing a proper system sizing, using fewer components, and less complex designs. This reduces the points of failure. Fewer components mean less capex, and fewer points of failure means lower maintenance opex. This is what gives us our high reliability and a better total cost of ownership (TCO). As we are an engineering and system integration company, specific client requirements can also be taken into account.”

“I can provide a few examples. In Algeria, we installed a number of off-grid solar systems last year with custom designed three meter high solar module support structures to mitigate the existing theft risks in that area. We recently also got awarded another project in Algeria for 45 off-grid solar energy systems. Those systems will be installed on 15 meter high monopoles, also as an anti-theft solution.”

“For a VSAT service provider in Indonesia last summer we installed and commissioned a 500W stand-alone solar energy system with 96 hours (four days) of battery autonomy and a simple network management protocol (SNMP) uplink to their network operations centre (NOC). This helped demonstrate the reliability of solar and battery back-up versus using diesel gensets to the local authorities involved in the project.”

TowerXchange: Please tell us about the performance of your solution in the field – who is using it and what results have been achieved? What is your installed base at cell sites worldwide?

Erik Blokhuis, Sales & Marketing Manager Telecom, TSS:

“Over the last 15 years we have installed over 1,100 sites across Africa, Southeast Asia, the Middle East and Europe. Most of the work we do is to provide reliable power for remote telecoms units. And to be clear, we’re a solar energy driven company, we believe in renewable energy technology and its benefits and it is at the core of what we do. Lots of the time these have been within the oil and gas sector where reliability is paramount for mission critical and remote applications.”

“We want to minimise points of failure and guarantee the uptime our clients expect. We ensure long battery lives and minimum service intervals by doing a proper system sizing, using fewer components, and less complex designs. This reduces the points of failure. Fewer components mean less capex, and fewer points of failure means lower maintenance opex. This is what gives us our high reliability and a better total cost of ownership (TCO). As we are an engineering and system integration company, specific client requirements can also be taken into account.”

“I can provide a few examples. In Algeria, we installed a number of off-grid solar systems last year with custom designed three meter high solar module support structures to mitigate the existing theft risks in that area. We recently also got awarded another project in Algeria for 45 off-grid solar energy systems. Those systems will be installed on 15 meter high monopoles, also as an anti-theft solution.”

“For a VSAT service provider in Indonesia last summer we installed and commissioned a 500W stand-alone solar energy system with 96 hours (four days) of battery autonomy and a simple network management protocol (SNMP) uplink to their network operations centre (NOC). This helped demonstrate the reliability of solar and battery back-up versus using diesel gensets to the local authorities involved in the project.”

TowerXchange: You engage with customers from design and project management to training, remote monitoring and system integration – please talk us through a “typical” collaboration between TSS and a cell site owner.

Erik Blokhuis, Sales & Marketing Manager Telecom, TSS:

“As an off-grid solar system integrator we take full responsibility for the complete system in a project, but there is no one-size-fits all solution or configuration. We work with the client to establish what they need from their sites in terms of performance, whether they need a pure solar system, or zero-diesel solution as you could call it, or something hybridised and then we get to work. There’s lots of room for optimisation based on the individual site specifics or client’s specific needs.”

“We recently developed a new solar module support structure, specifically designed to reduce handling and transportation costs and to support local manufacturing in Asia or Africa. We don’t see the added value of shipping support structures from Europe to those markets and there is also an increasing preference or regulatory requirement for local content in those markets.”

“The on-site installation can be either undertaken by the client themselves, their preferred local third-party contractors, or TSS selected local third-party contractors. The installation will be overseen on-site by a TSS field service technician who will be doing the commissioning and hand-over to client.”

“Remote monitoring and control is paramount to effectively managing remote off-grid telecom installations. TSS have developed a flexible and customisable cloud-based remote monitoring and control application together with one of our IT partners. This solution allows our clients to cost effectively monitor and control the TSS solar hybrid systems 24/7 remotely from any internet connected device. We also enable clients to feed our systems data directly into their own Network Operations Centre software.”

TowerXchange: The most frequent complaint about solar power systems TowerXchange hears from towercos and MNOs is that they can be too complex for their current field service partners to effectively maintain. How do you overcome such concerns?

Erik Blokhuis, Sales & Marketing Manager Telecom, TSS:

“We have no active cooling systems and fans and no moving parts, so wear and tear is limited and the internal energy consumption is extremely low”

“We do provide training, so that maintenance teams in the field can understand our systems, but honestly the maintenance requirement for our solar and hybrid systems are minimal. That’s how we’ve designed it, to keep it simple. Things can be a bit more demanding in terms of maintenance requirements if there’s a diesel generator involved, but if you just have solar panels and storage batteries there should be very little to maintain and very little should go wrong. You would just need to clean the solar modules periodically. It does not get any simpler, really.”

 

“Our solar systems are passive cooled energy systems. We have no active cooling systems and fans and no moving parts, so wear and tear is limited and the internal energy consumption is extremely low. There are also less systems parts that can fail. Maintenance involves tightening a few battery and support structure screws and employing a cleaning company to keep the solar panels clean and at full capacity. We really wanted to minimise last mile risk. Plus, we also only work with Tier One vendors in the markets in which we operate so local maintenance support is covered.”

 

“We see a transition in the telecom market to move from diesel based off-grid energy systems towards “zero diesel solutions.” However, until today the large majority of stand-alone solar power systems installed in the telecoms market apparently do not run trouble-free 24/7 throughout the year. Expected battery lives are not met either, negatively impacting upfront TCO and ROI calculations. As a result, quite a few MNOs and towercos consider solar with batteries unreliable and still prefer diesel gensets as a mandatory back-up despite the associated high maintenance and fuel costs.”

 

“However, we would say, and have proven over time, that a well-designed and correctly sized solar energy system with battery storage can be highly reliable, hardly requiring maintenance and minimising opex, making a good business case for the additional capex.”

TowerXchange: What’s the sweet spot for your solutions in terms of grid availability and the load your solutions can support?

Erik Blokhuis, Sales & Marketing Manager Telecom, TSS:

“We focus exclusively on off-grid applications and areas with very unreliable grids. But in terms of sweet spot for installed sites, we can run standalone solar and battery combinations to any capacity, the only limiting factor is space.”

“For example on towers with multiple tenants you increase the energy demand but also minimise the space on the tower on which you can install solar panels. For single tenant towers, with energy demands up to 1kW or 1.5kW continuous, it is very straightforward to deploy the pure solar solution.”

“Alternatively for sites with higher energy demand we can install solar modules on the ground at the site and when there is not enough space the hybrid systems come into play, and secondary energy source can be a diesel generator set, or it could be wind or any other energy source. We are flexible and look at the optimum solution per site.”

TowerXchange: How many hours of sunshine is necessary for your renewable energy solution to start to become a viable option? How is increasing solar cell and battery efficiency affecting that?

Erik Blokhuis, Sales & Marketing Manager Telecom, TSS:

“Any site between the two tropics with high solar irradiation is a good site, but we have also installed quite a number of sites in Europe. That might involve using more solar modules, changing the tilt angle for optimal solar yield, but the solution is flexible. Solar module efficiency is improving and that helps us produce more energy on a restricted amount of space.”

“An example of supporting higher solar efficiencies and lower internal energy usage are the TSS in-house developed charge controllers; they are world leading for use in high temperatures and harsh environments without any de-rating and without forced cooling as offered by other vendors. The increasing efficiency of solar modules have made us redesign a new version of our TSS charge controller to harvest the maximum solar energy, supporting our client’s ROI and TCO targets.”

“As batteries are the big ticket items in a solar energy systems, we continuously strive to achieve the best battery lifetimes for our clients to guarantee the system performance and to secure their investment. Therefore we continuously test and enhance our TSS battery charging regimes in close cooperation with battery OEM’s like EnerSys and Saft.”

TowerXchange: What magnitude of fuel and O&M savings can be realised using your solutions, and how does TCO compare with traditional diesel-oriented energy solutions over an eighteen month, three year and five year scenario?

Erik Blokhuis, Sales & Marketing Manager Telecom, TSS:

“With rising fuel prices, environmental concerns and increasing pressure on opex reduction, the business case for solar based energy systems is getting better and better.”

“To give you an indication, for sites up to 1kW and 1.5kW continuous load, the ROI for a stand-alone solar with batteries system can be as low as one year compared to a 24/7 running diesel generator. Maintenance visits are generally reduced to just once every six months to one year depending the location, and diesel cost is completely eliminated.”

“Above 1.5kW continuous load, the ROI for solar diesel hybrid solutions can be anywhere between two to five years maximum depending on the actual site load, solar irradiation, fuel costs and local logistical conditions and costs. With fuel subsidies been significantly reduced nowadays in many countries including the Middle East, deploying solar is a good measure to mitigate the opex risks of these future fuel price hikes.”

“To give you a real life example, the diesel runtime and fuel consumption reductions we have observed in our solar diesel hybrid trial project in the Middle East are excellent. Compared to a typical 15kVA diesel genset running continuously and directly connected to the load, we have achieved on average 91% reduction on runtime and over 83% on average reduction on diesel consumption. The number of site visits based on runtime and refuelling have been reduced from once every month to just once a year. Compared to a typical 15kVA DG+Batteries solution running eight hours cyclic per day at 80% load, the average runtime reduction we achieved is close to 80% and the average fuel consumption reduction 50%. The number of site visits based on runtime and refuelling have been reduced to just once a year instead of four times a year based on a 250 hours’ runtime service interval.”

“The advantage of deploying solar goes further than just opex reductions. It allows the reduction of site visits which directly reduces the health and safety risks associated with the crew’s mobilisations and demobilisations. As health and safety is an increasingly important KPI for companies nowadays it strengthens the case for deploying solar.”

TowerXchange: SLAs often demand 99.5% or higher uptime – tell us about the reliability and autonomy of your solution and your after sale advice and remote monitoring services.

Erik Blokhuis, Sales & Marketing Manager Telecom, TSS:

“TSS’s core business is supplying solar based energy systems to mission critical applications where uptime and reliability are of paramount importance. In order to ensure operations we have a unique fall-back functionality incorporated in our charge controller which kicks in should the digital controls fail. This mode extends the reliability of the system and provides the operator more time to get to the site. Besides this we can also offer a dual set up which allows to switch off 50% of the system for maintenance purposes while the other 50% still provides energy.”

TowerXchange: How is your solution scalable to accommodate the increasing power requirements as multiple tenants are added to a site?

Erik Blokhuis, Sales & Marketing Manager Telecom, TSS:

“If there is enough space on site to install additional PV modules to increase the amount of solar output then that will always be the preferred choice. In Gabon for example, the client’s load has increased over the years so we have upgraded the system three times. If the increased load is within the foreseeable future, the best thing to do is to factor in a percentage spare capacity to cater for future increased load requirements. For multiple tenant sites, which are generally above 1kW continuous load anyway, a solar diesel hybrid system will be deployed, and the increased energy demand can be either provided by additional PV modules or by increasing the diesel genset runtime or adding a wind turbine for example.”

TowerXchange: Please sum up how you would differentiate your solution from your competitors’?

Erik Blokhuis, Sales & Marketing Manager Telecom, TSS:

“Off-grid solar has been our core business for the past 15 years and we have a proven track record of over 1,100 off-grid systems reliably running all year round in the most remote and harsh environments. We have 100% passive cooled solar energy systems that reduces maintenance and energy usage. We continuously test and enhance our battery charging regimes to get the most out of our batteries. We are so confident of our capabilities that we actually are happy to discuss with our clients providing them performance output guarantees for as much as long as seven years. To finish, I’d like to call upon the MNOs and Towercos to challenge us with their off-grid energy issues!”